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Please note: Due to the poor reproductive quality of some of the original items, some of them have had to be copytyped. The Overseas Development Institute shall accept no responsibility for any inaccuracy, errors or omissions or for the consequences arising from the use of the texts
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Crisis to Context: the Fuelwood
debate Overview paper |
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| In the 1970s there was a surge of interest in the issue of fuelwood. For the most part this was propelled by the 1973 rise in fossil fuel prices and associated energy concerns, as well as certain influential publications on the issue such as that by Eckholm (1975) entitled the ‘Other Energy Crisis: Fuelwood’ . Wood fuel demand was seen to be outpacing sustainable supply, and catastrophic projections for year 2000 were presented in the form of a ‘fuelwood gap’ (see United Nations, 1980). A study by FAO in 1981 estimated that 2000 million people were dependent on fuelwood and other biomass fuel, of which more than 100 million were unable to meet minimum requirements sustainably... | ||
| Robert Nash and Cecilia Luttrell | 2006 | |
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Report of the Panel. United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy , W.E.T. 1980 |
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| This report presented the FAO and broader UN view of the “fuelwood crisis” in 1980. The philosophy it espoused dominated thinking on fuelwood for the next decade. | ||
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A Pain in the Neck: The firewood situation
in South-Western Kgathleng, Botswana. NIR - Research Notes 5. |
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| This paper explores the acquisition and consumption of fuelwood in two neighbouring villages in Botswana... | ||
| Jelenic, N.E. and van Vegten J.A. | 1981 | |
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Fuel availability, nutrition and
women's work in highland Peru WEP 10/WP 23, Rural Employment Policy Research Programme, ILO |
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| This paper reported a qualitative study of the cooking and eating practices of 28 women in three communities (a town, a farming co-operative and a dispersed village) in a mountainous area of Peru.. | ||
| Skar, S.L. | 1982 | |
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Why people don't plant trees: the
scio-economic impacts of existing woodfuel programs: village case
studies, Tanzania
Energy for Developing Countries Series Discussion Paper D-73P. Resources for the Future, Washington DC, USA |
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| This paper reported a well designed study to investigate the reasons for the lack of success of community-managed woodlots of fuelwood trees.. | ||
| Skutsch, M.M. | 1983 | |
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Factors affecting fuelwood use in
Taita, Kenya Paper presented at African Studies Association meeting, Boston, USA |
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| A survey of the types of fuelwood used by households in one rural locality in Kenya showed considerable discrepancy between women's stated preferences and the species they actually used.. | ||
| Fleuret, A. | 1983 | |
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Wood Fuel Surveys Forestry for Local Community Development Programme, FAO. |
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| Despite its age, this volume remains a useful guide to carrying out fuel use surveys.. | ||
| FAO | 1983 | |
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Firewood collection in Mosomane, Kgatleng NIR - Research Notes 11. |
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| This short paper reports the results of a questionnaire survey of fuel use in a village in Botswana... | ||
| Arntzen, J. W. | 1983 | |
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Analysis of the woodfules market:
a survey of fuelwood Seller and charcoal makers in the province
of Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Biomass 3. |
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| This paper documents the practices of traders and charcoal makers in a part of the Philippines with relatively low availability of wood.. | ||
| Hyman, E. L. | 1983 | |
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Support to Village Afforestation
in Tanzania. Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam |
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| This paper reported a large study of fuelwood abundance and use in rural Tanzania, as a contribution to the long-term national tree-planting programme... | ||
| Mascarenhas, A., Kikula, I. and Nilsson, P. | 1983 | |
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The social organisation
of firewood procurement and use in Africa: a study of division of
labour by sex. PhD thesis, University of Washington |
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| This dissertation examined the relative roles of men and women in fuelwood acquisition in a number of communities in Africa between 1860 and 1953... | ||
| Williams, P.J. | 1983 | |
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Fuelwood in eastern Africa: present
situation and prospects. MISC/84/21. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome. |
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| This consultancy report, commissioned by the FAO, assessed prevailing and projected fuelwood balances for Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi and Zambia.. | ||
| Kamweti, D. M. | 1984 | |
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Understanding tree use in farming
systems. Proceedings of the workshop on planning fuelwood projects with the participation of rural people, 12 – 30 November 1984, Lilongwe, Malawi. |
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| These proceedings were derived from a three-week workshop on rural fuelwood issues in Africa.. | ||
| FAO | 1985 | |
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Stoves and deforestation
in developing countries. Paper presented at the UK-ISES conference, "Energy for development - what are the solutions?", Reading University, 13 December 1985 |
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| This excellent paper provides a clear and concise account of the failure of attempts to introduce "improved stoves" to households who rely on fuelwood for cooking... | ||
| Gill, J. | 1985 | |
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Fuelwood demand and suppy in the
Umm Ruwaba/Er Rahad Region in N. Kordofan, the Sudan - a study based
on field data and Landsat MSS information. Rapporter och notiser 64, Naturgeografiska Institution, Lund University. |
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| This paper reported the achievements of a research programme to develop a remote sensing technique to identify areas of woodfuel scarcity.. | ||
| Olsson, K. | 1985 | |
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Innovation, user participation and
forest energy development PhD thesis, University of Sussex. |
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| The main argument of this PhD thesis was that lack of interaction between technology developers and technology users was an important constraint to the adoption of new technologies in any given situation.. | ||
| Gamser, M. S. | 1986 | |
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India: meeting basic energy needs
of the poor. Regional Energy Development Programme Volume II. UNDP and ILO. Chapter V. |
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| This paper discussed levels of consumption of fuels in urban and rural households in Uttar Pradesh, India, based on a survey of 285 households in total.. more... | ||
| Sharma, R. and Bhatia, R. | 1986 | |
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Fuelwood Policies for
Swazi Nation Land: Farm and Community Approaches for Fuelwood Production.
Chapter 6. |
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| This insightful thesis compared farm and community forestry as policies to enhance the availability of fuelwood in Swaziland... | ||
| Allen, James Andrew | 1986 | |
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Firewood Energy in Sierra Leone: production,
marketing and household use patterns. Studien zur integreirten landlichen entwicklung 9. Verlag Weltarchiv, Hamburg. |
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| This PhD dissertation made a detailed investigation into rural and urban domestic energy use in Sierra Leone... | ||
| Kamara, James N. | 1986 | |
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Fuelwood scarcity in rural Africa:
possible remedies. Volume one: main text Centre for Agricultural Strategy, University of Reading, UK |
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| This report, commissioned by the oil company Shell, made a thorough comparison of a long list of possible methods of sustaining the amount of fuel available to rural African households.. | ||
| McClintock, J. | 1987 | |
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Energy and the urban poor IDS Bulletin 18: 31-38 |
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| This concise paper described trends in domestic fuel use with household income and reviewed a spectrum of energy policies aimed at the urban poor.. | ||
| Leach, G. | 1987 | |
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The rural energy crisis, women's
work and basic needs Proceedings of an international workshop |
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| These proceedings documented an international workshop held to discuss the results of ILO's major investigation into rural women's labour and fuel use, that was carried out during the 1980s under Elizabeth Cecelski.. | ||
| ILO | 1987 | |
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Stoves programmes in the framework
of improved cooking practices: a change in focus with special reference
to Latin America International Labour Office, Geneva |
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| This paper gave constructive criticism about improved stove programmes.. | ||
| Evans, M.I. | 1987 | |
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Wood fuel in Kano. Final Report of
the Rural Energy Research Project
Department of Geography, Bayero University, Nigeria |
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| This prodigious and frequently cited report presented the results of a major study of rural and urban fuel use in Kano, Nigeria.. more... | ||
| Cline-Cole, R. A. et al. | 1987 | |
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Under the cooking pot: the political
economy of the domestic fuel crisis in rural south Asia IDS Bulletin 18: 11-22 |
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| This wide-ranging paper reviewed the causes and characteristics of the "domestic fuel crisis" in rural south Asia.. | ||
| Agarwal, B. | 1987 | |
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Rural energy and poverty in Kenya
and Lesotho: all roads lead to ruin. IDS Bulletin 18: 23-29 |
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| This paper challenged our tendency to ascribe fuelwood scarcities to the same types of causes wherever and whenever they occur.. | ||
| Wisner, B. | 1987 | |
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A survey of domestic cooking practices
in Khartoum. Fuelwood development for energy in Sudan. Field Document 28. GCP/SUD/033/NET. Forests Administration, Khartoum. |
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| This study investigated the fuel consumption, ownership of pots and appliances, and cooking practices of 150 households in Khartoum, Sudan.. | ||
| Paddon, A. R. | 1987 | |
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Have planners understood the poor
people’s energy problem? Socio-economic aspects of energy technologies:
a literature review. SEARAT Project, Technology and Development Group, University of Twente. |
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| This volume contains two review papers, the first about rural fuel use surveys and the second about the involvement of women in fuel-related development projects.. | ||
| Huizenga, C. R. and others. | 1987 | |
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The wood marketing system in Gunung
Kidul, Central Java, Indonesia. FONC Communication 7. Forestry/Nature Conservation Project, GADJAH Mada University of Yogyakarta. |
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| This study investigated pathways of fuelwood marketing in a district of Java, Indonesia.. | ||
| Ellenbroek, W.E.T. | 1988 | |
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The fuelwood supply and demand in
rural households: the Punjab, NWFP, Baluchistan. Forestry Planning and Development Project Report 8. Office of the Inspector General of Forests, Islamabad. |
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| This short paper reported the results of a survey of fuelwood acquisition and tree planting in rural Pakistan.. | ||
| Dove, M.R., Aziz, N.K. and Qureshi, J.A. | 1988 | |
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A survey of women’s attitudes towards
forestry and fuelwood in eight rural villages in eastern Sudan. Fuelwood development for energy in Sudan Field Document 31. GCP/SUD/033/NET. Forests Administration, Khartoum. |
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| This paper reported the findings of a questionnaire survey in eight villages in eastern Sudan.. | ||
| Furfey, R. N. | 1988 | |
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SADCC Energy Development: Fuelwood study
ETC Consultants, UK |
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| This paper reviewed domestic fuelwood use in central and southern Africa, drawing from literature and from original research.. | ||
| Leach, G. | undated | |
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Woodfuel in Ciskei: A Headload Study.
South African Forestry Journal No.154, September 1990 |
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| This journal paper discusses data on patterns of fuelwood collection and usage from indigenous woodlands by women in Ciskei, South Africa.. | ||
| Bembridge, T.J.and Tarlton, J.E. | 1990 | |
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The Government of Somalia Technical
Committee for Energy final report on alternative energy sources
for urban areas ETC Consultants, UK |
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| This report was commissioned by the Somali government to weigh up alternatives to the prevailing high levels of charcoal consumption in Mogadishu.. | ||
| Soussan, J. | 1990 | |
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Woodlots, woodfuel and energy strategies
for Ciskei South African Forestry Journal 155: 42-50 |
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| This brief paper investigated the use of fuelwood and management of woodlots in Ciskei, South Africa.. | ||
| Bembridge, T.J. | 1990 | |
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Fuelwood use in Zanzibar town Zanzibar Forestry Development Project Technical Paper 3. Government of Zanzibar/FINNIDA/Finnish National Board of Forestry |
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| This brief MSc thesis documented patterns of fuel consumption in Zanzibar town, Tanzania... | ||
| Masoud, R.S. | 1991 | |
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